Education for citizenship is important because every society needs Essa

Instruction for citizenship is significant on the grounds that each general public needs individuals to contribute viably, in an assortment of ways, to what's to come wellbeing and prosperity of networks and the earth, locally, broadly and universally. Basis for citizenship Instruction for citizenship is significant in light of the fact that each general public needs individuals to contribute viably, in an assortment of ways, to what's to come wellbeing and prosperity of networks and nature, locally, broadly and internationally. Encouraging dynamic and dependable residents adds to the way toward building up a sound and dynamic culture of majority rule support. While all people share the rights also, duties of citizenship, paying little heed to status, information or on the other hand expertise, obviously citizenship might be practiced with various degrees of adequacy. The open doors for discovering that are given in essential instruction make significant commitments to the procedure of teaching for dynamic and capable citizenship. At the same time, the commitments of formal instruction should be seen close by, and in cooperation with, guardians, carers and the media and open doors for network based learning. Likewise, grade schools need to assess the decent variety of the neighborhood networks in which youngsters live. Points of the subject The rights and obligations of residents are equal in numerous regards. In the event that we as a whole reserve an option to be treated with deference, at that point it follows that we have a reasonable commitment to treat all others with regard. On the off chance that we as a whole reserve a privilege to a say on issues that influence our lives, at that point we have an obligation to take care of the perspectives on others on issues that additionally influence them. In any case, it is likewise certain that per... ...rnes. Holden, C. (2003) Citizenship in the Primary school: Going Beyond Circle Time. Peaceful consideration in Education, 21 (3),24-29 Kerr, David.(1998). Citizenship instruction in elementary schools : a national overview authorized by the Institute for Citizenship Studies about open doors for citizenship instruction and network inclusion in elementary schools, last report . QCA Klein, Reva . (2001) Citizens by right : citizenship instruction in elementary schools : Feed on-Trent : Trentham and Save the Children. Lister, I. (1984) Teaching and finding out about human rights. Strasbourg: Chamber of Europe. Starkey, H. (1992) Back to Basic Values: Education for equity and harmony on the planet, Journal of Moral Education, 21(3), 195-92 Joined Nations.(1989) Teaching human rights : useful exercises for essential and optional schools. New York : United Nations.

Odyssey and Aeneid Comparative Analysis Essay Sample free essay sample

Odyssey and Aeneid are courageous sonnets that need no presentation in the scholarly universe. They are viewed as the best plants of Greek and Roman writing and army readings and examination were at that point dependent on these two extraordinary chivalrous sonnets. Such. is other than the purpose of this examination paper. A concise summarize of Odyssey and Aeneid would be introduced to give a foundation on the start and apogee of their excursions. A far reaching examination on the individual qualities of the two boss supporters. viz. . Odysseus and Aeneas. nearby their excursion and the things that they experience along the way. would other than be given light. An examination of the epics’ subjects and their association with their essayist would other than be introduced. each piece great as the correlativity of the gallant sonnet with nature or the present region of the general public the essayist had a place ; a chronicled and political examination. Courage and liminality in the brave sonnets would be more remote examined each piece great as subjects runing from both men’s ( Odysseus and Aeneas ) relationship with grown-up females ; the capacity of Gods. We will compose a custom article test on Odyssey and Aeneid: Comparative Analysis Essay Sample or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page also, the noteworthiness of their excursion and find. Consequently. the central motivation behind this examination paper is to [ demo the distinction and closeness of the two brave sonnets. despite the fact that made hundreds of years separated. in various occasions. an association can be found and can be demonstrated through the varying refered to subjects and the start in which the authors have discovered their motivations ] . Odyssey Odysseus was segment of the 10 thousand armadas that set canvas for the city of Troy to repossess a â€Å"kidnapped† wedded lady of Menelaus. Lord of Sparta. Helen. who was the most lovely grown-up female known to man. other than had Odysseus seeking her. Believing that Helen may remove him from the numerous suers. furthermore, to maintain a strategic distance from battle. he made all work powers pledge to regard Helen’s assurance sing her pick for a hubby ; and to ensure Helen and her hubby and to see through it that figure would come and pulverize their fellowship. So. all the suers of Helen. who were relentless Kings and work powers of Greece. took a revile. Notwithstanding. Odysseus was non fortunate bounty to be picked as hubby. furthermore, on the other hand. he met Helen’s cousin Penelope. what's more, wedded her. This is just the start of Odysseus’ show of amusingness all through the gallant sonnet. Despite the fact that. he was erroneous about whom Helen is going to take. he showed a character. of that of a negotiator. a smooth speaker. a smooth and influential talker. Odysseus is known to be simply the grown-up male of immense forswearing and sensible reasoning. Odysseus was other than known as a grown-up male of harmony. who loathed squabbles and solidly has confidence in self-conservation. A best outline of this self-conservation was the point at which the pastor emissary from Sparta came to ask his revile to Menelaus in repossessing Helen. Pondering his newborn child kid and the great beyond of his city Ithaca ( for there was an anticipation that says of a long excursion for him in the event that he went to Troy ) ; Odysseus professed to be crazy. set on worn out clothes and planted the field with salts. In any case. the pastor emissary was other than cagey and cognizing Odysseusà ¢â‚¬â„¢ craziness was only a show. he set the newborn child Telemachus en route of the Big Dipper. furthermore, Odysseus in a split second halted. terrified of throbbing his kid. accordingly demoing. he is on his correct head. Odysseus went to Troy and constructed the observed Trojan Equus caballus. He persuaded 20 Grecian warriors to disguise inside its tummy ( including himself ) . what's more, leave the Equus caballus as a contribution to the Gods while the rest of the Greek armada bombastically cruised off. The Trojans. fiercely eccentric. took the wooden Equus caballus inside the city and had a feast watching their triumph. At that point. at sundown. through the offer of Odysseus. the work powers inside the Equus caballus simple slid while the entire of Troy was sleeping. They opened the Gatess and take the ground powers of Greece inside the dividers of Troy. Subsequently. the decimation of the city of Troy. Among the Trojan nobility was Aeneas. the kid of Anchises and Venus. was not really ready to escape life from the guardianships of the Greeks. in the event that non for Venus’ direct mediation. He figured out how to escape and cruised to Latium. where he established the City of Rome. Odysseyso starts on Odysseus’ venture towards place. after the 10 twelvemonth clash with Troy. In any case. Odysseus’ had caused the anger of the Gods ( especially Poseidon ) that he was sentenced to cruise for another 10 progressively mature ages before making his old neighborhood. Ithaca. â€Å"Unhappy Odysseus. he does non cognize the desolations that anticipate him ; or how these sicknesses I and my Phrygians suffer will one twenty-four hours look to him treasured as gold. For past the 10 long mature ages spent at Troy he will haul out other 10 thus go to his express all alone†¦Ã¢â‚¬  [ Cassandra. Euripides.Daughters of Troy431 ] All through the sea trip. Odysseus and his work powers met many intriguing figures. with the end goal that of the stargazers. the place that is known for the Cyclops where Odysseus utilized one of his quick ones of introducing himself as Cipher. so when the Polyphemus ( the Cyclops who caught them ) was blinded by Odysseus and his work powers. shouted to the next Cyclops for help. They asked Polyphemus who had blinded him and he yelled Nobody. so the different Cyclops returned to their home. They met the cheerful male ruler Aelous who gave them a pack of quick air flows. gone to the island of the man-eaters. what's more, met Circe and she bore him a kid ( Telegonos ) . They other than went through a sound in which Circe exhorted him to cruise close to Scylla a beast who had six caputs and would eat six of his work powers. than risk droping the boat in the vortex of Charybdis. Here. Odysseus volitionally relinquished six of his work powers to rescue the boat. They are so brought to the island where Calypso lived and saved Odysseus for seven mature ages. It was with the goal that Athena. the goddess that supported Odysseus asked Zeus to help Odysseus procure place. So. Zeus sent the Hermes to state Calypso to relinquish Odysseus. which she did and Odysseus. after a cluster more issue still from Poseidon. in the long run arrived at Ithaca and cautioned against the numerous suers of his wedded lady Penelope by the goddess Athena masked as juvenile male kid. Odysseus hid his uniqueness and masked himself as a homeless person. After creation the royal residence. he saw the numerous suers of Penelope and requested that consent execute the endeavor expected of the suers so they could get hitched Penelope. to hit with Odysseus bow a back to back pointer through the gaps of 12 tomahawks in succession. So. Odysseus. camouflaged as a panhandler. had the option to draw his ain bow and effectively hit a pointer through the openings. after which he coo rdinated the bow towards the suers and executed them every one of the one by 1. He so asserted his Kingdom and his wedded lady one time more. Be that as it may. numerous says that the Odyssey does relentless at that place. yet, rather proceeded to another occasion that lead to Odysseus get marrieding another grown-up female and his expire achieved by his kid with Circe. Telegonus. who wrongly slaughtered him when Odysseus was supporting his rushes. Telegonus was at that clasp searching for his male parent. what's more, had killed Odysseus as of now when he discovered he was his male parent. The Aeneid Aeneid is a Latin courageous sonnet composed by Virgil in the 1stcentury BC. The refrain structure was about the amazing excursion of Aeneas. a Trojan getting away from the terminating city of Troy. alongside a portion of his colleagues and kid. made a trip to Italy and in like manner established the city of Rome. The refrain structure is partitioned into two. the initial six of the 12 books familiarizes us with his excursion from Troy to Italy. while the second half. transfers of the triumph of Trojans over Latins when Aeneas had the option to execute Turnus. The saint Aeneas is as of now a typical figure since he premier showed up in Homer’s Iliad. Virgil so kept on making about him and as an outcome made a chronicled gallant sonnet about the inception of Rome. Aeneas was a displaced person from the terminating city of Troy. from Homer’s Iliad. With the help of her female parent Venus. the Roman goddess of adoration. he fled along with his male parent Anchises. hitched lady Creusa. the young lady of King Priam. furthermore, child Ascanius. Be that as it may. through the butcher Creusa got isolated and was neer seen again ( until Aeneas met her in the black market and affirms that she is dead ) . He cruised for yearss. ordained by Jupiter to happen a city which he will call Rome. Be that as it may. because of Paris of Troy’s non taking Juno ( Hera ) to have the apple of conflict. Juno had the greatest scorn for Trojans that she set a solid air current to spin Aeneas’ transport off from Italy. furthermore, do arrive on Carthage. through the guide of Neptune. Aeneas was the second most grounded warrior of Troy. what's more, could be considered as half-god since his female parent was Venus. Venus helped Aeneas with his endeavor in Carthage and through Venus’ Aeneas had the option to catch the chest of Dido. Sovereign of Carthage. In spite of the fact that Dido guaranteed constancy to her dead hubby. she can non help yet experience love towards Aeneas and they became sweethearts and relished each other’s nearness ; until cut came that Jupiter sent Mercury to help Aeneas to remember his obligation and to go on with his sea trip. Dido was sorrowful when Aeneas left. that she hit her ain chest with Aeneas’ edge and hurled herself on a fire as Aeneas was go forthing. Going to see Dido. Aeneas saw only the smoke from the fire and cognize what had happ

Education for Students with Physical and Health Impairments

Education for Students with Physical and Health Impairments Educational Implications for Students with Physical and Health Impairments Dec 19, 2019 in Education Introduction The three classes of physically or health impaired chosen included the visually impaired, the deaf, and physically impaired. Modifications that the teacher used in order to assist students with physical or health impairments include the following ones: arranging the classroom and desks, providing specialized equipment, providing mobility support, using auditory cues, using visual cues, using verbal narrative, providing lesson-specific tools, using demonstrations, providing instruction materials, offering assignment materials, orienting the incoming students with the environment, and offering assistive technology among others. The above accommodations were effective in helping students in their specific areas. It also helped parents or caregivers to work with the teacher to provide the student with the items needed during the lesson. However, these accommodations were only effective in particular situations, as some may not provide solutions, where another device is required. Body Arranging the classroom and desks was important in order to give students maximum space to move around. Notably, for the visually impaired, as they required enough space, so chances of students knocking over other objects are minimized. The use of specialized equipment was key in ensuring that the needs of the students were met. Teaching physically impaired students required specialized equipment for particular groups of students (Petscher Proctor, 2007). As a tutor, it is also important to support students in every way. In case a student is not able to walk around alone, it is your duty to provide mobility support. The instructional modifications were selected in relation to the groups of students one was dealing with. For instance, for the visually impaired you can effectively communicate through the use of auditory cues, while for the deaf you can use sign language (Rourke, 2002). This is facilitated by assigning the correct learning materials. Orienting students within the environment involves making them familiar with their surroundings. This should be the first step for the safety of the students you are dealing with. It also involves giving attention to the surroundings in order to ensure that the students are secure. This is specifically for the physically impaired. The teacher should ensure that the students are aware of the surrounding area and are familiar with it. The training areas should also be free from any flying objects, since the blind cannot see when the object is coming to them. In case the trainer implements any other change within the environment, the students should be informed, as well as given some time to tour and to get oriented within the new environment. Therefore, it is vital to ensure that students are aware of what is within their learning environment. This enables them to take the necessary precaution; hence, avoid getting into a danger (Rourke, 2002). Modifying the available technology to mee t their needs is also crucial. For example, the use of white board, use of loud speakers, and braille among others increases the effectiveness of the learning process. Providing students with assistive technology is vital in ensuring that they are learning fast; moreover, this will increase their understanding. .fod-banner { display: table; width: 100%; height: 100px; background-color: #04b5af; background-image: url('/images/banners/fod-banner-bg-1.png'), url('/images/banners/fod-banner-bg-2.png'); background-position: left center, right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; } .fod-banner .button { min-width: 120px; } .fod-banner-content { height: 100px; display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; color: #ffffff; width: 100%; text-align: center; padding-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; } .fod-banner-content > span:first-child { font-size: 15px; font-weight: 100; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text { font-size: 16px; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text span { font-size: 18px; color: #ffe98f; font-weight: bold; } .fod-banner-content-image { vertical-align: middle; } .fod-banner img.fod-banner-content-image { width: auto; } @media all and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1320px) { .fod-banner { background-image: none; } } @media all and (min-width: 845px) and (max-width: 992px) { .fod-banner-content > span:first-child { font-size: 18px; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text { font-size: 20px; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text span { font-size: 24px; } } @media all and (max-width: 740px) { .fod-banner { background-image: url('/images/banners/fod-banner-bg-2.png'); background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; } } @media all and (max-width: 670px) { .fod-banner { background-image: none; } .fod-banner-content { padding: 15px 10px; } .fod-banner img, .fod-banner-content-discount-text { display: block; margin: 0 auto; } .fod-banner-content > span:first-child { font-size: 28px; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text { font-size: 20px; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text span { font-size: 24px; } } Limited time offer! Get 15% OFF your first order Order now Instructional modifications help students to understand what is required of them in a better way. For visually impaired, they are supposed to access both written and oral guidelines where demonstration is also required. The teacher should be able to provide real life examples that involve vivid description in terms of pictures and objects. This gives them hand-on experiences. The teacher should also provide readable visual aids, so that the child can receive information, as it is being displayed, say on a white board (Petscher Proctor, 2007). At the same time, the directions should also be very clear. This implies that the tutor should use explicit language when directing the students. For instance, the teacher can say Give your paper to the person on your right instead of just saying Pass your papers. Most importantly, the tutor should give students optimum time to give a response. This is because students may require extra time to read and to comprehend the information. Oral descr iption should be supplemented by visually displayed information. For example, an art or part of a film. Experimental learning should also be incorporated. The teacher should also recognize and accept their limitations. This way it is easy to interact with the students giving the necessary modifications or considerations where it is needed (Carrier, 2000). Dealing with physically impaired also requires involving a team, such as the parents and medical professionals, in addition to providing the training. Physically impaired students require special equipment to participate in any kind of learning. For the visually impaired, they required mobility tools and other equipment so support them. Often, students come to class with their own tools, such as the guide dog or a walking cane. It is important to also include these in the lesson. There are other modifications for the visually impaired in regards to the use of specialized tools, such as the guide ropes for running, especially during the Physical Education (P.E) class (Finn, Rotherham, Hokanson, 2001). It is also advisable that students should use light-colored equipment, which is easy to be identified with. Such colors include white, yellow, as well as orange. Instructional modifications should also be implemented, so that there is an understanding between the teacher and the students. For visually impaired, instructors should be in a position to give verbal instructions that specifically describe what the students are supposed to do. For instance, walk towards the exit. The verbal instructions should be detailed enough. It is also advisable for trainers to use auditory cues for the blind, such as running bells (Rourke, 2002). This may be used to suggest that it is time to start or tonend a certain activity. Support modifications were also offered. However, this is determined by an individual. In this case, support provider should only do so, when it is necessary in order to avoid the situations, where a student will become fully dependent. The accommodations or modifications that I was able to implement included the following ones; instructional and environmental. These modifications are easy to apply as a teacher, because you do not need to team up with other people, such as parents, in order to help students. Moreover, they are not costly. For instance, environment modification may involve arranging the room and ensuring that it is safe, while instructional modifications involve ensuring that you are able to demonstrate the students what you are telling them to do, and be assured that they can follow it. However, the implementation of the accommodations or modification did not unfold smoothly and effectively. This is because students had different needs, experiences, and status. For instance, it was especially difficult in dealing with the visually impaired, because people have different experiences in coping with the surrounding environment (Bradley, Louis, Daniel, 2002). There were some people, who could walk around without knocking over objects, while other needed assistance to walk around the room. I had to orient every student with the new environment. This was difficult, because at times you could not take students as a group. You had to deal with each student at a time for safety and effectiveness. The elements of the accommodation that were most effective include those that involved offering support to the students. For instance, it was easy to provide a walking cane for a student, and for the rest of the time he/she would not ask for any assistance while walking around. On the same, interacting with the students while teaching them was to some extent effective. The students were in groups according to their own specialties. For the visually impaired, all I needed to use was auditory cues and explicit language while giving instructions (Finn, Rotherham, Hokanson, 2001). Students found it easy to respond to the queries that I asked them, although I had to give them maximum time, since they needed additional time to read the information. Nevertheless, there were some aspects of the modification that were difficult to facilitate. This was because some aspects required a team that was not present at that moment. For instance, parents or care givers were not able to provide all the required materials to the students. At the same time, some activities had to be coordinated among the tutors, and being alone, it made it somehow difficult to deal with the students. I had to organize the class and offer physical support when students started coming in. To some extent, this has negatively affected the overall success of the lesson. For example, some lessons took a longer period of time than expected, because I was actually involved in organizing everything, including providing specialized materials required by the students (Rourke, 2002). The special needs of the students required full attention not only to one student, but to all. However, as a teacher, I had to find a way of dealing with these difficulties and ensure that t he objective of the lesson was achieved. During implementation of the modification, the level of students engagement and motivation was moderate. Modification or accommodations implies that students are exposed to the new environment, although they are expected to do what they normally do. For example, while teaching the visually impaired, the same methods used in other classes were still used. However, due to some difficulties experienced, such as lack of absolute support, the level of engagement was moderate. Communicating with the students through the use of the correct cues for the right group of students was not a major problem. The problem was related to the lack of the specialized materials to facilitate learning. However, this can be modified by ensuring that special consideration is given to the physically impaired and all the required materials are available when engaging them in any lesson (Petscher Proctor, 2007). This will help to improve the effectiveness in understanding, as well as making learning and teach ing easy. Modifications or accommodations implemented during the lesson were well suited for that particular purpose. For instance, instructions modification were meant to serve in response to their special needs. There is no way you could use auditory dues for the deaf and expect to have a success. Right instructions had to be used for the right group of students. Moreover, materials specific to the needs of the students were also meant to accommodate them in the learning environment. All these modifications could only take place if the environment was able to accommodate students. For instance, the classroom had to be arranged in a way that students had enough space to move around without knocking objects. It was also important to ensure that the environment did not have any flying objects. Conclusion In conclusion, it could not have been any better than to see students participating in the lesson. This was a sign that the modifications or accommodations used have indeed assisted the students during the lesson. Although there were a number of challenges, they did not hinder the objective of the assessment.

Analysis Of The Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini - 1422 Words

Pranav Dantu Mr. Bal Honors English 10 20 December 2017 The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini Summary: The Kite Runner is a historical fiction novel written by Khaled Hosseini. The novel is written in a first-person point of view tracing the journey of redemption of an Afghan native named Amir. Amir grows up wealthy and privileged by Afghan standards and is surrounded mostly by his father and his friend, Hassan. Hassan was a less fortunate boy who belonged to the lower caste of the Afghanis, the Hazaras. Although the two are different casts, both get along with each other well, but Amir uses Hassan’s weaknesses for his own pleasure. For example, Hassan asks Amir to read him stories since Hassan is not educated enough to read, however Amir†¦show more content†¦Assef demanded the innocent Hazara to give him the kite, or something would happen. Hassan, being the loyal friend he was, denied Assef’s repeated demands. Assef then takes a drastic action and rapes Hassan. Throughout the whole ordeal, Amir had hid behind a garbage can and stayed silent. After that inciden t, Amir and Hassan’s relationship disconnects, and Amir’s life disintegrates. Amir had a strong sense of guilt which led him to craft a master plan for Hassan and his father Ali to leave his house. After a year or so, tensions in Afghanistan start to strengthen as communists started to invade the state. Amir’s father thought it was best to leave the state because of the political turmoil raging within the borders of their house. Eventually, Amir and his father escape to Pakistan, and have enough money to flee to California. Amir sees America as an opportunity to forget the past, and start a new life, however he is unable to get over the sense of guilt. Amir’s father accumulates lung cancer and wants to get his son married before he passes away. Sticking to his words, Amir gets married. Before Baba dies, he tells Amir a shocking news. Hassan was actually Amir’s half-brother, Baba was too ashamed to admit it because of Hassan’s social status o f being a Hazara. One fine day, as Amir is walking down a riverbank, he receives a call from Rahim Khan, Baba’s best friend. Khan says that Amir has a way to redeem himself, and that if Amir comes back toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini789 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Kite Runner† by Khaled Hosseini, is the complex story about a father and a son who struggled to find common ground. Amir was a conflicted boy trying to find his place while in search of redemption. He believed his father; Baba disliked him because his birth was the reason his mother passed. While Amir’s father favored the son of their family servant, Hassan. Amir’s friendship with Hassan was genuine until a tragic event Amir witnessed of Hassan and Amir did not step in to help. That crime againstRead MoreAnalysis Of The Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1475 Words   |  6 Pageschildhood experiences, or just how we think as individuals. Author of The Kite Runn er, Khaled Hosseini, is no exception to this as he reveals his fragile transformation of who he has become, growing up as a boy in 1965’s Kabul, Afghanistan. In this novel, the author captivates the true Afghan culture beyond the single story and gives us genuine insight into what has shaped him into the man he has become today. Khaled Hosseini uses these intimate relationships built between his family, culture, andRead MoreAnalysis Of Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner 1256 Words   |  6 PagesWhen, you could call yourself the superior one, just because of the unfortunate misinterpretation of the society of power, as greatness. That is when one realizes that the abuse of power has ensued. 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Hosseini describes Hassan as having a perfectly round face, a face like a Chinese doll chiseled from hardwood: his flat, broadRead MoreAnalysis Of Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner 1019 Words   |  5 Pagesknows just how hard it is to forgive yourself in The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini. When Amir makes the decision to not speak up about Hassan he felt so much guilt that he wanted Hassan and Ali to leave, he regretted it instantly. Years later, Rahim khan called Amir and asked him to come back to Afghanistan where he found out Hassan was his half-brother. Amir finally forgave himself when he found a way to make up for his mistakes. Hosseini portrays Amir as a morally ambiguous character by his guiltRead MoreAnalysis Of Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner 2073 Words   |  9 Pages When you were a child, do you remember ever making a promise to be loyal to a friend? Maybe you exchanged cute heart necklaces or pendants or carved your names into a tree. 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On the day of the kite tournament, Amir hopes bringingRead MoreAnalysis Of Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner 1230 Words   |  5 PagesHaunting Desires In Khaled Hosseini’s novel The Kite Runner, father son relationships, specifically that of Amir and Baba, contribute to the development of the plot as well as the development of the characters involved. It is evident throughout the novel that Amir’s sole desire is to obtain Baba’s love and acceptance. However, this desire ultimately motivates him to enact rash decisions that will haunt him in the future. What Amir does not know is that Baba is also secretly the father of HassanRead MoreAnalysis Of Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner 1516 Words   |  7 PagesAdrian Zialcita Mrs. Sheffield English 1A 10/30/15 All for One and None for All According to Merriam Webster, being selfish is â€Å"to have or show concern for only yourself and not for the needs or feelings of other people.† In Khaled Hosseini’s book, The Kite Runner, the character Amir goes through numerous hardships throughout the story. To overcome those challenges, he performs acts that directly caused harm to the other characters in the book. Most of the time, the struggles that Amir passesRead MoreAnalysis Of Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner 1017 Words   |  5 Pages Kite Runner Comparison Essay In Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner, several major themes arise. One of the most pronounced theme is the idea of redemption for ones past wrongdoings. The protagonist, a wealthy envious Afghan boy named Amir, retells the traumatic story of his childhood. Once readers learn of his past, they realize the issues he experienced and the events that came into play in the forming of the plots format, from one meaningful quote Hassan says â€Å" for you a thousand times over†

The Pain of Essay Talking about Yourself

The Pain of Essay Talking about Yourself What Everybody Dislikes About Essay Talking about Yourself and Why Our order form is as easy as it gets. The structure of private statement is a lot simpler. Therefore, if you begin with a terrible topic, not only will you wind up with a poor essay, but you risk ruining the excellent impression that the remainder of your application makes. The Auto-Save feature will ensure you won't lose any changes while editing, even in the event you leave the website and return later. You might also want to incorporate a brief discussion of more research that ought to be completed in light of your work. The principal idea of all of the criticism is to give an opinion both of positive or negative implication. With the proper focus, you will get there. If you sum up, individuals won't need to read the remainder of your private essay. The One Thing to Do for Essay Talking about Yourself There are broadly four kinds of essays. Formal essays are usually academic in nature and tackle significant topics. In order to comprehend how a personal essay appears like, you ought to go through few successful samples. Irrespective of the quantity or variety of research involved, argumentative essays must set a very clear thesis and follow sound reasoning. You see, the conventions of English essays are somewhat more formulaic than you may think and, in various ways, it can be as easy as counting to five. Before continuing from the debut, readers need to have a fantastic idea about what is to follow in the essay, and they shouldn't be confused regarding what the essay is all about. At times, writers can begin their essay in the center or at the end, instead of at the start, and work backward. To write this kind of essay, the author should have real and extensive understanding of the topic. Essays are extremely personalized. Stephen's essay is rather effective. Writing your essay will be a lot simpler if you find out the entirety of it first and just then return and work out precisely the way that it should start. As soon as you adhere to the above strategies about how to compose a narrative essay about yourself, you'll be in a position to turn your real life into an attractive essay. It is preferable to find professional writing assistance from the corresponding support. Our 1-hour essay writing service may be ideal solution for you. Other essay services might be more efficient when it comes to their operations but they're not quite as effective as us. Today, there are numerous services online that provide essay writing help to people. Needless to say that a few individuals are all set to do anything rather than writing an academical paper. 1 thing to remember is that for your private essay to genuinely stand out, you will need to write about an experience that not everybody goes through. In fact, it is a complicated question to reply. Unique things to various individuals, since the situation demanded. Although you will be focusing on a single component of your life, it will nonetheless convey a lot about your nature and life. If you're like most other young folks, it's still true that you haven't changed the Earth, but you need a bright future ahead. Do not become stuck with material possessions and what you've achieved in life. Therefore, in case you have some really excellent life stories to share, don't hesitate to do it.

Csr and Consumer Free Essays

The impact of perceived CSR initiatives on consumer’s buying behaviour: An empirical study Abu Bashar, Assistant Professor, Institute of Management Studies, Dehradun. ABSTRACT Although research into CSR and consumer behavior is still relatively young, there exists a growing interest in studying the links between CSR and marketing. The Indian consumers are now well aware that, in pursuing their business endeavors, companies now have to show more responsibility towards society and the environment where they are operating and at the same time do managers increasingly see CSR as a marketing tool to help create a competitive advantage. We will write a custom essay sample on Csr and Consumer or any similar topic only for you Order Now But what is the actual impact of companies’ engagement in CSR on consumer behavior? The consumers are getting more aware of the corporation involved in corporate social responsibility (CSR) through better education and the increased influence of the media. The companies up to a certain extent has already been realized that their socially responsible behaviour have a direct impact on the consumer buying behaviour. In this research paper effort has been employed to investigate that how consumers are considering corporation’s CSR initiatives at the time of deciding on their purchase decision of products and services. For measuring CSR economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic variables have been considered from Carroll’s definition. A random stratified sample of 250 respondents have been considered, the data have been collected with the help of structured questionnaire. After the data collection appropriate statistical data analysis was performed in the software program SPSS. Results confirm a positive relationship between perceived CSR activities and consumer buying behaviour. Keywords: corporate social responsibility, consumer behaviour, Philanthropy, Consumer buying behaviour. 1. Introduction Multinational corporations first introduced the term stakeholder in the late 1960’s. Stakeholders were described as those who were in any way affected by the corporations’ activities. Soon thereafter, the term â€Å"corporate social responsibility† came into common use. The goal of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is to take responsibility for all the company’s actions and to have a positive impact on its environment, communities, employees, consumers and all other stakeholders (Freeman et al. , 2010). The European Commission (2011) defines CSR as â€Å"the responsibility of enterprises for their impacts on society†. More specifically, the responsibility of corporations includes the integration of social, environmental and ethical issues as well as human rights and consumer concerns, into their business operations and core strategy in close collaboration with their stakeholders. In research literature, CSR is defined as â€Å"a business organization’s configuration of principles of social responsibility, processes of social responsiveness, and policies, programs, and observable outcomes as they relate to the firm’s societal relationships† (Wood, 1991:693). In their opinion, the free market in that sense contributes to society by realizing this prosperity and therefore does not have any other obligations in that matter. However, on the other side of the spectrum the free market is viewed as inhibiting human freedom (e. g. through child labor) and as the root cause of economic and cultural imperialism in many developing countries. CSR is also seen as a way to attempt to be one step ahead of governmental interference, in order to avoid any kind of legislative restrictions or reprimands. Additionally, CSR is regarded as being used merely as a marketing tool, which introduces concerns about hypocrisy. As with many ethical issues, a great amount of organizations operate in the broad space in between these extremes, and the topic remains subject to continuous discussion (Friedman, 1970). One of the most important stakeholder groups is the consumer, and as Creyer and Ross (1997) confirmed; customers do indeed expect socially responsible behavior from companies. More interestingly, customers are willing to reward this behavior. It is no surprise that a steadily growing group of consumers pro-actively look for companies with ‘sustainable’ products and production methods. This new type of consumer is subject to an increasing amount of research by social and economic scientists, and characterized as ‘sophisticated’ and ‘environmentally and socially conscious’ (Forster, 2007). Corporations that do not equip themselves with CSR activities will often be left behind with the increasing global competition and borderless markets, and international corporations with sound CSR activities grow stronger (Altman, 2007). As the education level increases, consumers are made more aware of the need for pro social corporate behaviour. A lot of work has been done in Western countries to identify an organization’s behaviour regarding consumer purchasing decisions. However, not many studies have been conducted in emerging markets, such as India. CSR activities should enhance a corporation’s image. This paper aims to examine the influence of perceived CSR initiatives on the buying behaviour of Indian consumers. We are interested in exploring whether consumers in India consider organisations’ CSR issues before associating themselves with organisations’ products and services. Apart from that, this study also aims to identify the awareness level of Indian consumers towards CSR. The results of this study will also be useful for business organisations in understanding the consumers’ priority for the CSR activities that they should be engaging in, and it will contribute to the existing literature. The remainder of this paper is structured as follows. The next section will discuss the literature review. The third section will explain on the methodology used. The findings and discussion will be presented in the fourth section and will be followed by conclusions and implications in the final section. 2. Scope of the study The scope of the study has been limited to CSR initiatives of corporate and consumer buying behaviour only. The study has been confined to Delhi NCR region as this area has greater number of top notch corporations 3. Objectives 1. To study and analyze the current CSR practices being employed by corporations in India. . To find out the level of awareness of consumer about CSR 3. To find out the relation and impact of corporation’s CSR initiatives on consumer buying decisions 4. Research Methodology The study is based on descriptive research design. A structured questionnaire has been designed, to know the level of awareness and impact of corporation’s CSR initiatives on their buying decisions. The que stionnaire consists of three major sections. The first section gathers information on consumers’ awareness towards corporate social responsibility (CSR). This section covers some general questions to obtain the respondent’s understanding of the term CSR, which indicates the ability of the respondent to complete the rest of the questionnaire. The respondents who indicated having no knowledge in CSR were not included in the data analysis. Second section covers questions on consumer buying behaviour towards CSR initiatives by the business organisations. The statements were divided into four subsections based on Carroll’s pyramid of CSR, which include economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities. While third section designed to gather demographic information of the respondents such as gender, age, education level and monthly income level. Section A and Section C were designed using nominal scales, whereas Section B was designed using a five-point Likert scale ranging from â€Å"1† for â€Å"strongly disagree† to â€Å"5† for â€Å"strongly agree†. Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient was used to evaluate the reliability of the measures. The Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient for the four independent variables and one dependent variable was 0. 59. The survey was conducted in Delhi NCR; responses of 250 respondents were collected. We targeted respondents who are seems to be conscious buyer and hence the sampling technique is non-probability convenience sampling. For visual representation of finding and results bar charts, pie charts and tables etc. ahs been used. 5. Review of literature During the 21th century, the focus of the environmental aspect of CSR grew even stronger and society’s increased interest regarding environmental issues put new light on CSR. Hence, even higher pressure was put on corporations and their initiatives for support of the environment. This can be seen in the European Commission’s CSR-report from 2002, in which CSR is described to have a close relationship between companies and societies to tackle both social and environmental concerns: â€Å"CSR is a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. In their latest definition, the European Commission (2011) explains CSR as â€Å"the responsibility of enterprises for their impacts on society†. Another trend emerging in the 21th century was the focus of CSR from a consumer perspective. The fact that corporations started to work and participate actively in projects regarding CSR predictably woke up an interest also among consumers. Researchers were then eager to find out whether CSR activities had any influence on consumers or not, and if so, in what way and to what extent. In 2001, Mohr et al. tudied the relationship between CSR and consumers’ buying behavior. The results of the study showed that the majority of the respondents were in general positively disposed towards social responsible firms and moreover expected firms to be highly active within CSR. Furthermore, the results revealed that a small majority of the respondents did not really think about basing their purchase behavior on CSR or did it only sometimes, even if CSR as a buying criterion didn’t play much of a role in the decision processes or purchase behavior. However, 39% of the respondents were basing some or much of their purchasing on CSR (Mohr et al. , 2001). In 2005, Becker-Olsen and Hill contributed with two studies investigating the role of perceived fit (e. g. Similarity between corporate mission and social initiative), perceived corporate motive (other-centered versus profit-centered), and timing of an announcement (reactive versus proactive) on consumers’ responses to corporate social initiatives. The aim of the study was to explore the impact of perceived CSR on consumer behavior. The results of the study demonstrated that an overwhelming majority of the respondents believed that firms should engage in social initiatives and 76% thought that those initiatives would benefit the firms. About half of the respondents stated that they would boycott firms that acted irresponsibly, if reasonable alternatives were available (Becker-Olsen Hill, 2005). Finally, another relatively new trend within CSR developed in the 21th century is to view and utilize the whole concept as a competitive advantage. In 2006, the marketing and strategy guru Michael Porter wrote an article together with Mark R. Kramer, in which they introduced a framework that organizations can use to identify the impact they have on society, determine which effects to address and then suggest effective ways to do so. The authors propose that when looking at CSR from a strategically perspective it can become a source of remarkable social progress, since corporations apply their resources, expertise, and insights to activities that benefit society as a whole (Porter Kramer, 2006). In carrying out their economic responsibility, corporations are expected work within the framework of laws and regulations as a partial fulfillment of the â€Å"social contract† between corporations and society. Carroll (1991) stated that it is important for legal responsibility to be performed in a manner that is consistent with the expectations of governments and laws complying with the various federal, state and local regulations. A successful corporation should be recognised as one that fulfils its legal obligations. Conchius (2006), on the other hand, stated that legal responsibility includes abiding by consumer and product laws, environmental laws and employment laws while also adhering to laws and regulations governing competition in the marketplace. However, legal responsibilities do not embrace the full range of behaviours expected of corporations by society. Laws are important, but they are often inadequate. First, they cannot possibly address all of the issues or areas that a corporation may face. Second, laws often lag behind more recent concepts of what is considered right behaviour, and third, laws may represent the personal interests and political motivations of legislators (Carroll, 1998). Although economic and legal responsibilities represent ethical standards concerning fairness and justice, ethical responsibility encompasses those activities and practices expected or prohibited by society that expand beyond the limitations of legal responsibilities. Ethical responsibility embodies those standards and expectations that reflect a concern for what consumers, employees, shareholders, and the community regard as fair, just, or in keeping with the respect or protection of stakeholders’ moral rights (Carroll, 1979). According to Carroll (1991), business performance can be determined by the corporation’s consistency in promoting moral and ethical standards. If a corporation practises good corporate citizenship, the activities of the corporation are trusted. Ethical responsibility also recognises that corporate integrity and ethical behaviour should go beyond the requirements of laws and regulations. Balancing economic, legal and ethical responsibilities is important. If the corporation does something that is appropriately economic and legal, it must also be appropriately ethical. Philanthropic responsibility refers to corporate actions that are in response to society’s expectations of good corporate citizens. Corporate philanthropy is likely to enhance the image of corporations especially those that have high public visibility. Corporate philanthropy should also increase employee loyalty and improve customer ties. Philanthropic activities include business contributions in terms of financial resources or executive time, such as contributions to the arts, education, or communities. The distinguishing characteristic between philanthropic and ethical responsibilities is that philanthropic responsibilities are not expected in an ethical or moral sense. Philanthropy is located at the most voluntary and discretionary dimension of corporate responsibility and has not always been linked to profits or the ethical culture of the firm (Ferrell, 2004). Although society wishes corporations to be philanthropic, it is voluntary on the part of corporations (Carroll, 1991). According to Fombrun, Gardberg and Barnett (2000), the case for philanthropy comes from two different sources; strategic philanthropists argue that, although philanthropy may not generate direct economic returns, it will enhance the firm’s long-term competitive position through intangible gains in reputation, legitimacy or employee loyalty. Consumer Behaviour towards CSR This paper aims to examine consumers’ buying behaviour as a result of corporate CSR initiatives. We are interested in examining that whether the purchase decisions of the products and services of consumers in India are based on corporation’s CSR initiatives or not. In addition, we also seek to identify which type of CSR component based on Carroll’s pyramid of CSR will have significant impact on consumers’ buying behaviour. Several studies have suggested that there is a positive relationship between a corporation’s CSR activities and consumers’ attitudes towards that corporation and its products (Brown Dacin, 1997; Creyer Ross, 1997; Ellen, Webb, Mohr, 2000). Mohr, Webb and Harris (2001) examined and their finding indicated a significant relationship between CSR and consumer responses. Sen and Bhattacharya (2001) research on reaction of consumers to CSR shows that CSR will directly affect consumers’ intentions to purchase corporation’s products. As cited in Pomering and Dolnicar (2008), marketplace polls reported that consumers expect corporations to provide information about what they do, and they will support those corporations that pursue CSR initiatives. Environics International Ltd. (Environics, 1999) conducted a survey regarding consumer responses towards corporate social responsibility. The result of the survey indicated that Australians have the highest CSR consumer expectations from businesses. A total of 86% of US respondents in the survey of Cone Inc. (2004) said that corporations should provide information on how they support social issues. 6. Research Results and Discussions Table 1: Gender of respondents | |Gender | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Model |R |R Square |Adjusted R Square |Std. Error of the Estimate | |CSR-CB |. 573a |. 329 |. 315 |. 36483 | |a. Predictors 🙠 Constants) CSR: corporate social responsibility components which include ethical, economic, philanthropic, | |legal. CB-Consumer Behaviour | The R square (coefficient of determination) is a portion of the total variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variables. According to the model summary, R sq uare is equal to 0. 329, which is less than 1. This indicates that there is a weak linear relationship between CSR activities and consumers’ buying behaviour. Approximately 32. 7% of variance in all the CSR components can significantly explain consumers’ buying behaviour. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been preformed to test whether there is a statistical significant linear relationship between the combination of the four CSR components (Economic, legal, Ethical and philanthropic) and consumers’ buying behaviour exists or not. According to Table 9, the p-value is . 000, indicating that the four CSR components significantly influence consumers’ buying behaviour. Table 9: ANOVA of Multiple Regressions ANOVAb | |Model |Sum of Squares| |bDependent Variable (CB): consumer behaviour | | | | A coefficient table is very much helpful in explaining the relationship between the four CSR components and consumers’ buying behaviour. Based on the calculated significances in Significance (Sig. ) column o f Table 10, the p-value for each CSR component is less than 0. 05, which indicates that all the CSR components have a statistically significant relationship with consumers’ buying behaviour. Table 10: Coefficients of Multiple Regressions Coefficientsa | |Model |Unstandardized Coefficients |Standardized |t |Sig. | | | |Coefficients | | | | |B |Std. Error |Beta | | In Table 10, the unstandardised beta coefficient is used for the values of the numbers in the linear regression equation. Theory explains that a higher beta value indicates a greater impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable. The independent variable (CSR components) can be ranked according to the magnitude of the beta coefficient to determine which component has the most significant impact on consumers’ buying behaviour. The regression model relates Y (the dependent variable) to a function of X (the independent variable) and ? (the unknown parameter). It is formulated as Y ? f(X, ? ). The multiple regression analyses performed in this study are modeled as follows: Yi = ? 1xi1 + ? 2xi2 + ? 3xi3 + ? 4xi4 Therefore, the multiple regressions line equation for this current study is: Consumer Behaviour = 1. 286 + 0. 59 Economic Responsibility + 0. 168 Philanthropic Responsibility + 0. 166 Ethical Responsibility + 0. 112 Legal Responsibility. The results explicitly defines that the economic responsibility attribute has the most significant impact on consumers’ buying behaviour , as it has the highest beta value, followed by philanthropic responsibility, ethical responsibility and, finally, legal responsibility. Indian consumers seem to view CSR priority differently from other nations. Economic responsibility was still the basic utmost priority preferred. However, they ranked philanthropic responsibility as the second most important responsibility compared with legal responsibility. It is not surprising that Indian consumers see corporations’ philanthropic responsibility as being more important than their legal responsibility. Consumers want corporations to contribute their money, facilities and employees’ time to humanitarian programs or purposes. Indians have been known as one of the most generous nations in the world. For example, the country’s rate of donation and participation in helping the victims of natural disasters in the world has always been very encouraging. In addition, we have always heard that the generous Indians have made financial pledges and contributions to help those in need, they be orphaned children, the poor, accident victims and so on. Although the Indian consumers themselves have been very generous, the expectation for business institutions to do the same is unquestionable. As for complying with rules and regulations, it is not surprising that Indian consumers ranked legal responsibility last compared with Carroll’s pyramid, which suggested that legal responsibility is the next most important responsibility Compared with those in developed nations, Indians regard rules lightly, to a certain extent, as we have always heard from the news about how Indians bend and ignore stipulated rules and regulations. Among the most common examples are the bending of traffic rules and regulations promoting environmental protection. 7. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS For academicians, this research makes a contribution to the understanding the underlying dynamics of the role of corporate social responsibility in consumers’ buying behaviour. The result of this study indicates that all of the CSR components have a significant relationship with consumers’ buying behaviour. However, the limitations of this study must also be considered. The major limitation relates to the sample. With only 250 usable respondents, this sample size might limit the external validity of the findings. Managers should note that this research supports previous results reported in the literature, suggesting that a substantial, viable and identifiable consumer group exists that considers a company’s level of social responsibility in its purchase decisions. Manufacturers and retailers have an opportunity to appeal to this group while simultaneously meeting their business objectives and make contributions to society. The type of CSR activities that should be engaged by the corporations should preferably be based on the priority indicated in the finding of this study, where the economic responsibility attribute has the most significant impact on consumers’ buying behaviour, followed by philanthropic responsibility, ethical responsibility and finally, legal responsibility. However, companies that promote themselves as socially responsible need to be prepared to deal with criticisms of any irresponsible behaviour they are seen as committing, as information travels within seconds in this information technology era. In contrast, companies who disregard expectations concerning social responsibly may risk consumer boycotts as a result of the strengthening of consumers’ awareness and rights in today’s market scenario. 8. References Ali, I. , Rehman, U. K. , Yilmaz, K. A. , Nazir, S. Ali, F. J. 2010. Effects of CSR on ConsumerRetention. African Journal of Business Management. Vol. 4, pp. 475-485. 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What Does Lenin, Stalin, Hilter, Mussolini, Idi Amin, Mao Tse-tung, An

What does Lenin, Stalin, Hilter, Mussolini, Idi Amin, Mao tse-tung, and Pol Pot have in common? When they came to power, they took all guns from the civilian population. For this reason my specific goal is to encourage gun ownership. Introduction: The gun 1st appeared in Europe's literature in 1326. It evolved into a mechanical tool as no other tool before it, it incorporated different materials like wood and metal, it also involved physics, chemistry and had ignition. Thus, making the gun the foundation of modern technology, not to mention the fact it gave America its freedom."The shot that was heard around the World" April 19,1775. In 1689 the English Bill of Rights, was passed by Parliament in responsed to King James II trying to disarm his subjects. The English Bill of Right allowed the people to be armed "suitable to their condition" and "allowed by law." This Right was then transfered to the American colonies, and after the American Revolution, our Bill of Rights of 1791, further strengthed the Right to Bear Arms with the words "the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed." Thesis Statement: I will persuade you in that, (1) federal gun control laws are unconstitutional, and (2) I will prove that the 2nd Amendment is both a "State" and "Individual Right." Can any of you tell me the difference between the Declaration of Independence, the United States Constitution, and the "Bill of Rights"? Lets start with the Declaration of Independence.What was the pur- pose of the Declaration of Independence? It outlined the reasons as to why the 13 colonies wanted sep- eration from Britian. What does the United States Constitution do? It outlines the federal government and gives it certain powers, these powers are stated within the document itself. What does the "Bill of Rights" do? (the Rights of the Individual). It limits the power of the federal government. How does the "Bill of Rights" limit the power of the federal government? Well, let me 1st give you an example. Can the federal government establish a federal religion? No! Why not? Because the 1st Amendment prohibits it. Lets look at the 1st Amendment. It says in part. "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of rel-igion." Thus the "Bill of Rights" forbids the federal government in the establishment of a federal religion. So lets use a little common sense, if the federal government can not establish a federal religion. How can it establish gun control? It can't, the 2nd Amendment forbids it, just like the 1st Amendment forbids a federal religion. Let's look at the 2nd Amendment, "A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed." Now lets move to the 10th Amendment in the "Bill of Rights," it states that the Constitution gives the federal government certain powers and only those powers listed in the Constitution. Whatever power is left over is reserved to the States. Thus, the 2nd Amendment takes gun control from the federal gov- ernment and the 10th Amendment puts the gun issue in the hands of the States. Lets look at the 10th Amendment, it says: "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." By the reasoning of common sense, it is therefore unconstitutional for the federal government to pass gun control measures, because the 2nd Amendment restricts the federal government and the 10th Amendment gives that power to the States. Thus, the State's have a right to reasonably regulate firearms but not deny individual ownership. ( The words "the people" refer to individuals. ) The Delclaration of Independence proves the Individual's view, it says in part " We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty (freedom), and the Pursuit of Happiness--". " Nature's God " shows God created all men, but the gun made all men equal (equality). The reality is, the gun exists, and if some have gun's and others don't, then inequality is